CSF2 and pancreatic neoplasm: Preliminary clinical data demonstrate the safety and efficacy of GM-CSF cytokine and receptor-blocking antibodies in inflammatory conditions.38, 39, 40, 55, 56 Hence, together with our in vitro data, a clinical rationale exists for combining GM-CSF blockade with standard Gem therapy in pancreatic cancer patients, with the aim of limiting the MDSC differentiation occurring in response to chemotherapy-induced inflammatory mechanisms.