TNF and varicocele: In summary, MOP can repair the damaged TJ structure and function and upregulate the expression of TJ proteins (Occludin, Claudin-11, and ZO-1), which were downregulated by experimental varicocele in the rat testis, probably via decreasing the level of cytokines (TGF-β3 and TNF-α) and increasing the T level in the left testicular tissue.