Nevertheless, upregulated Cp, LCN2, and POSTN are identified both in Gprc5a-ko mouse lung epithelial cells and NSCLC cells, suggesting that upregulated expression of Cp, LCN2, and POSTN that results from GPRC5A deficiency may occur in normal lung epithelial cells or at an early stage, which can be associated with the process of lung tumorigenesis. Here, CP is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.