ULK1 and lung cancer: In A549 and H460 cells three-drug treatment, as well as two-drug pemetrexed and sorafenib treatment of lung cancer cells also increased the phosphorylation of eIF2α S51, indicative of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ATG13 S318 whereas it decreased the phosphorylation of AKT T308, p70 S6K T389, mTOR S2448 and ULK-1 S757 (Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure 1).