KRAS and colonic neoplasm: Prior studies had created a series of HCT116 colon cancer cell clones that expressed K-RAD D13 (wild type parental) as well as HCT116 clones that were deleted for K-RAS D13 and instead expressed H-RAS V12; H-RAS V12-35 that specifically activates ERK1/2; H-RAS V12 that specifically activates PI3K [38, 39].