In a small 3-week pilot intervention study in Sweden, high intakes of rye bran increased tumour apoptosis in men with prostate cancer [8], and a 6-week randomised crossover study found that high intakes of whole-grain rye resulted in lowered concentrations of PSA, fasting glucose, insulin, urinary C-peptide, and C-reactive protein in men with early-stage prostate cancer [9]. Here, INS is linked to prostate cancer.