APOE and Alzheimer disease: In line with this hypothesis, a few studies have shown that older carriers of the APOE ε4 demonstrate poorer cognitive performance independent of AD pathology (Small et al., 2004, Wisdom et al., 2011) while young adults and children carriers of the APOE ε4 can demonstrate better cognitive performance (Jochemsen et al., 2012, Mondadori et al., 2007, Rusted et al., 2013).