Result from a phase II trial that combined the AE37 peptide with GM-CSF for the adjuvant treatment of early stage breast cancers has shown similar toxicity profiles between vaccine group (AE37 + GM-CSF) and adjuvant group (GM-CSF), but a 40% reduction in recurrence was observed only in the vaccine-treated group at a median follow-up of 17 months [23]. Here, CSF2 is linked to breast cancer.