TNF and inflammation: Liver inflammation is an integral part of NAFLD, which is characterized by upregulation of chemokine, and ccl2 is a prominent example.18 Ccl2 has an important role in stimulating TNF-α expression via the NF-κB pathway, and TNF-α subsequently enhances ccl2 secretion to promote exacerbated inflammation.19 Our results showed that ccl2 had a regulatory role in ccl12, icam1, ccl3 and cxcl2, which belong to the TNF and NF-κB signaling pathways.