By their putative binding to Toll-like receptor 4 or receptor for advanced glycation endproducts on granulocytes, monocytes, or endothelial cells, the S100 proteins have the potential to induce production of important cytokines in RA, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor, as well as intracellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules, via the nuclear factor-κB pathway [7]. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and rheumatoid arthritis.