S100B and HIV-1 infection: MVBs are in turn released as EVs.26 HIV-1 Nef appears to be responsible for many events leading to neurological impairments in the HIV-1-infected brain such as neuronal degeneration by inducing IP-10 release,28 cytokine production and negatively affecting cellular pathways.29, 30 Neurotoxic effects of HIV-1 Nef were shown using recombinant Nef on human glial cells and neurons.31 Furthermore, animal studies revealed that HIV-1 Nef-induced neurocognitive impairments in rats.32, 33 The effect of HIV-1 infection on the brain depends on the subtype of virus.