TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease: In this study, we sought to determine whether the above-mentioned components (pAMPK, fumarate and TGF-β) that have been implicated in a pathway closely related to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) development remain altered in the kidneys of diabetic rats after early (four weeks of hyperglycemia) and late (12 weeks of hyperglycemia) glycemic control.