The C5aR1 specific antagonists PMX53 and/or PMX205 have been shown to reduce disease activity in several animal models, including models of central nervous system disease such as brain trauma (Sewell et al., 2004), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Woodruff et al., 2008) and Huntington-like neurodegeneration (Woodruff et al., 2006). This evidence concerns the gene C5AR1 and injury.