TNF and neoplasm: In addition, an increasing body of evidence suggests that inflammation mediates different steps of tumorigenesis through the infiltration of white blood cells, especially tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); the presence of cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1, and IL-6; the secretion of chemokines, such as CCL2 and CXCL8; as well as the occurrence of tissue remodeling and angiogenesis [53, 54].