PAWR and renal cell carcinoma: In addition, plasma samples from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients—who were taking HCQ prior to surgery in a clinical trial to test the efficacy of repurposing CQ as a single agent against cancer (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01144169?term=hydroxychloroquine&rank=10)—showed elevated levels of Par-4 relative to pre-treatment levels (Figure 1B).