PAWR and neoplasm: Because CQ showed encouraging results in clinical trials designed to test the potential repurposing of CQ for cancer treatment (Rebecca and Amaravadi, 2016), and because Par-4 induced apoptosis in a broad range of cancer cells, but not in normal cells (Burikhanov et al., 2009), the tumor-growth-inhibitory action of CQ was attributed to its ability to induce Par-4 secretion from normal cells.