MTOR and neoplasm: Initially, tumor microenvironment modifications can induce mTOR to increase the translation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)/hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF-2), which drive the expression of genes for hypoxic stress response, including angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF, PDGF-β, and TGF-α [64].