This suggests that some of the mechanisms involved in the PML regulation of ISGs in the context of viral infection might be shared during infection by a bacterial pathogen, such as Listeria. Besides IFN-inducible genes, PML was also shown to regulate NF-kB-dependent genes, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) (37, 53). Here, NFKB1 is linked to infection.