Signalling pathways associated with these genes by IPA cover functional themes of DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation, including ‘cell cycle: G2/M DNA checkpoint regulation’ (z-score: −0.447), ‘p53 signaling’, ‘GADD45 signaling’ and ‘mitotic roles of Polo-like kinases’, and other pathways associated with tumor development, such as ‘Rac signaling’ (z-score: 2.449), ‘RhoA signaling’, ‘ERK/MAPK signaling’ (z-score: 2.236) and ‘PI3K/AKT signaling’ (z-score: 2.449) (Fig. 2b and Fig. 3, see Additional file 2: Table S10 for full details) [28]. This evidence concerns the gene GADD45A and neoplasm.