In the initial phase of NAFLD, resident immune cells such as KCs and dendritic cells respond to early signs of hepatocellular damage by generating plentiful proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and chemokines like chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), which further promote inflammatory cell infiltration, thus leading to a vicious cycle [64, 68]. Here, CCL2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.