TNF and Insulin resistance: All circulating blood factors (interleukin-6: IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α: TNF-α, oxidized low-density lipoprotein: oxidized LDL, total antioxidant status: TAS, glutathione peroxidase, epinephrine, norepinephrine, endothelin-1, cortisol, adiponectin, leptin, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance: HOMA-IR) were not different between the placebo and curcumin groups at baseline (all P>0.1), except for free fatty acids, which were lower in the placebo group (P=0.03).