G6PD and malaria: We also examined the HbC variant, and the ABO, ATP2B4, and FREM3/GYPE loci, which have well-validated protective effects against severe malaria (Malaria Genomic Epidemiology Network, 2014, 2015) and found no evidence that they affected the association of G6PD variants with severe malaria (Figure 1—figure supplement 3).