CD8A and infection: Although the determination of the role of CD8+ T cells is often hindered by co-inhibition of both CD8+ T cells and the long-lived antibody response (e.g., using nude mice), it is consistently observed that antibodies play a dominant role in final viral clearance, while CD8+ T cells are primarily responsible for the timely killing of infected cells and so indirectly contribute to an increased rate of removal of free virus toward the end of infection (13, 17, 18).