NFKB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Because of these observations, our previous studies have proved that several natural products can effectively suppress HCV replication by inhibiting NF-kB-mediated COX-2 expression, which supported targeting the COX-2 signaling pathway as a promising approach to develop therapeutic or chemopreventive agents against HCV-positive HCC formation (Lee et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2013).