INS and diabetic neuropathy: It has also been demonstrated that sequestering of endogenous intrathecal insulin in nondiabetic rats by intrathecally infusing anti-insulin antibodies produces slowed motor nerve conduction and atrophy of axonal fibers, similar to that seen in models of diabetic neuropathy (Brussee et al., 2004), again suggesting that non-glycemic triggers of DN exist and that the loss of PNS insulin signaling may be one of the initiating events.