Thus, in normal epithelia, the role of a Rab17–Vamp8 complex might be to transcytose these receptors to the apical domain but, in partially transformed comedo-like tumours, Rab17 and Vamp8 strive to oppose the transition to invasive carcinoma by actively retaining NRP2 safely within the late endosomal system. The gene discussed is VAMP8; the disease is invasive carcinoma.