CD86 and neoplasm: Co-culture of immature DCs with NIR-PIT-killed tumor cells significantly increased surface expression of the DC maturation markers CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR expression on DCs compared with DCs co-cultured with Cet-IR700-coated tumor cells without NIR-LED exposure or DCs cultured without stimulation for maturation (immature DCs), indicating NIR-PIT-killed cells induced DC maturation (Figure 3A and Supplementary Figure 3Ba).