These membrane mediated pathways are involved in cellular spreading, cell motility and cancer development58 and exert their function by transducing the extracellular signal to key oncogenic pathways such as MAPK/ERK, Wnt, Rho, mTOR, PTEN and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways (Fig. 3 and Additional File 10). This evidence concerns the gene RHO and cancer.