TLR4 and central nervous system cancer: As shown in Fig. 4, the mRNA levels of HMGB1, Myd88 and TLR4 were significantly increased in mouse primary peritoneal macrophages (PM), mouse primary peritoneal macrophages (PM), neuroglia cell line U251 from human glioma, macrophages cell line RAW264.7 and monocyte cell line THP1 from LPS group upon LPS stimulation, while different concentrations of dioscin treatment showed its protective effect by rectifying HMGB-1/TLR4/Myd88 signaling to normal, consistent with our in vivo results.