VEGFA and diabetic macular edema: In recent years, intravitreal anti-VEGF agents have been used in DR treatment for diabetic macular edema, preretinal hemorrhage, active neovascularization and as preoperative adjuvant therapy in PDR cases.9,10,11,12,15,16,17 Anti-VEGF drugs prevent the formation of new vasculature by directly affecting VEGF, but reducing retinal ischemia is not among their functions (Figure 1).