CST3 and Insulin resistance: In the db/db mice, a model of type 2 DN possesses a spontaneous mutation of the leptin receptor and is characterized by polyphagia, obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and pancreatic β-failure; empagliflozin leads to a decrease in the glomerulosclerosis index and renal expression of TGF-β1, without affecting proteinuria, plasmatic cystatin C, and urinary markers (KIM-1 and NGAL) [93].