KRT88P and hepatitis B virus infection: This is a relatively lower prevalence of anti-HBc and anti-HBs compared to many other Sub-Saharan African countries especially those in West Africa [29], which suggests that a large part of the Rwandan adult population is susceptible to hepatitis B. In addition, the vaccination coverage seems to be low among adults in Rwanda, with 4.3% of the blood donors in this study having only anti-HBs, indicating immunity obtained by HBV vaccination.