PKD1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Finally, despite its failure to induce the expression of functional E-cadherin, PKD1 knockdown alone strongly altered anchorage-independent growth and migration of metastatic melanoma cells, probably by regulating signaling pathways such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), as previously described in hormone-positive breast cancer [72, 73] and pancreatic cancer [74, 75].