One study has suggested that galectin-1 may promote the TGF-β–induced pulmonary fibrosis.60 In contrast, another study has suggested that galectin-1 suppresses TGF-β–induced renal fibrosis under high-glucose conditions.61 Clearly, more direct studies involving the use of galectin-1 knockout mice are needed to elucidate the role of galectin-1 in fibrosis in vivo. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and renal fibrosis.