INS and Insulin resistance: In the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, suppression of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 has been suggested to cause an impairment in insulin signaling in the liver through inhibiting the activity of IRS-1 and IRS-2.29 Furthermore, persistent expression of SCOS-3 has also been implicated in the development of retinal insulin resistance by leading to diminished activity of IRS-2 in rats.30 Taken together, it is conceivable to think that patients with insulin resistance may suffer from decreased visual function as a result of reduced RGC number.