TNF and neoplasm: Many angiogenic factors are expressed and produced by tumor cells, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), VEGF, interleukins such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, and IL-1β, and other cytokines, such as MCP-1, granulocyte CSF (G-CSF), M-CSF, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).