HLA-C and neoplasm: Like that of the conventional T cell, the structure of CAR-modified T cell contains three moieties, i.e., an extracellular domain, single-chain antibody fragments (scFv), that recognize and bind a specific tumor antigen independent of MHC molecule, a transmembrane domain that usually comprises the homodimer of CD3 or CD8 molecule, and an intracellular signaling domain including a signal-transduction component of the T-cell receptor (e.g., CD3ζ or FcεRIγ) and a costimulatory receptor (e.g., 4-1BB, CD28, or OX40) (Fig. 1) [29–32].