Recently, Irving et al. reported that the cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (Nod1) was recruited to Gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan-containing endosomes, which promoted receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2)-dependent autophagy and inflammatory responses of epithelial cells to infection (39). This evidence concerns the gene RIPK2 and infection.