Three large randomized controlled trials using patients with chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis have been completed [40–42] and found no evidence of benefits of a higher (compared with lower) Hb target on cardiovascular events or a composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for congestive heart failure and stroke, or found an increased risk of adverse events. Here, GSTM1 is linked to congestive heart failure.