In line with these findings, extensive studies by our group have demonstrated that the EBV dUTPase activates TLR2 in human immune cells [7,27,29] and induces the production of pro-inflammatory TH1/TH17 cytokines [7,27,29,30], which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE [113,114]. Here, TLR2 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.