Tuttolomondo et al. (2014) reported that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, especially, plays an essential role in mediating an immune response in TBI and ischemic stroke. Interleukin (IL)-6 is considered another central mediator in neuroinflammation; increased levels of IL-6 in serum have been found after acute cerebral ischemia and correlated with poor functional and neurological outcome (Fassbender et al., 1994). Also, elevated levels of a small chemokine in plasma, chemokine CC ligand-2 (formerly monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) correlated with the severity of TBI (Ho et al., 2012). Here, TNF is linked to ischemic stroke.