VEGFA and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Particularly in a study of black and white patients with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) by Krishnan et al. using both The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set and a validation set, it was found that VHL mutations occurred at a lower frequency in black patients and also that vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways were up-regulated less in black patients [9].