Currently, positive upstream regulators of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway including VEGFRs and their ligands are primary targets in the treatment of advanced RCC using VEGFR and mTOR inhibitors including sunitinib, temsirolimus, everolimus, bevacizumab and sorafenib among others [29, 30]. This evidence concerns the gene KDR and renal cell carcinoma.