At-risk patients include those with specific comorbidities, such as patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), congestive cardiac failure (CCF), liver cirrhosis or ascites, patients on dialysis, and prescription of certain medications (including diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], and angiotensin-converting-enzyme [ACE] inhibitors). This evidence concerns the gene ACE and chronic kidney disease.