TNF and anemia: Nevertheless, the capacity of both TNF and hemozoin to depress erythropoiesis by inducing apoptosis has not been consensually demonstrated in vitro (Skorokhod et al., 2010; Awandare et al., 2011) and apoptosis was not implicated in impaired maturation of erythroblasts during anemia of experimental P. chabaudi infection (Chang et al., 2004).