Targeted therapy against PD-1/PD-L1 has shown significant clinical activity in a variety of cancers including solid tumors and hematologic malignancies such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma (16–19, 145, 150, 156–174). Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.