IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels were significantly lower in HBV/HCV dual infection compared to the levels in HBV single infection (22.43 versus 844.18 pg/mL, P < 0.001; 77.25 versus 432.71 pg/mL, P = 0.001; 23.72 versus 93.34 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and HCV single infection (22.43 versus 253.42 pg/mL, P = 0.007; 77.25 versus 297.15 pg/mL, P = 0.006; 23.72 versus 42.40 pg/mL, P = 0.017 (Fig. 3). Here, TNF is linked to infection.