Moreover, although all risk loci with MAF >5% and OR > 1.2 are assumed to already have been identified in IBD patients with European ancestry8, our study replicated only 8 known IBD loci (NOD2, IL23R, IL10, ATG16L1, CYLD, ZMIZ1, SEMA6D, and CCR6) and a few (HLA-DRA, HLA-DQA1) SNPs from the MHC region; all others were newly discovered associations. This evidence concerns the gene ATG16L1 and inflammatory bowel disease.