Increased numbers of TNF-α- (Fig 4 panel d), IFN-γ- (Fig 4 panels b and e), IL-10- (Fig 4 panels c and f) and TGF-β- (Fig 4 panels g and i) expressing cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes were characterized in the tissues of dengue cases, when compared to controls. Here, TGFB1 is linked to dengue disease.