VEGFA and brain neoplasm: However, brain tumors, similar to tumors arising in other sites, are able to resist immune attack through various means including MHC downregulation (65), release of immunosuppressive cytokines such as TGF-β (66), VEGF (67), prostaglandin E2 (68), IL-10 (69), and of enzymes such as IDO (70) and arginase (71), attraction of Tregs (72), and MDSCs (71, 73).