Additionally, analysis of published gene microarray dataset of livers from healthy controls without liver disease and chronic HCV patients with cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease (Table 2) showed upregulation of hepatic stellate cell activation (αSMA, TIMP1, COL1A1 and COL1A2 mRNA levels) genes was associated with upregulation of M2 macrophage genes (CD163 and CD206 mRNA levels) in chronic HCV infected livers compared to healthy control livers15 (Fig. 3B). This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and Cirrhosis.