Identified discriminatory cancer markers include matrix metalloproteinases (i.e., MMP1, MMP3, MMP9), cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6, interleukin-8, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), transferrins, and fibroblast growth factors. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.