The levels of phosphorylated forms of three key signaling intermediates involved in colitis pathogenesis; ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and AKT were measured by immunofluorescence (IF) in sections from resected colon tissue of untreated (UT) mice or mice treated with DSS (for 5 days) plus daily E121 (60 mg/kg; which significantly improved colitis severity at gross and histological levels) or vehicle treatment. Here, MAPK3 is linked to colitis.